What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay. Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Writing Letters of Recommendation for StudentsĬopyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds " "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry. Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind The Wizard of Oz Friends. When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.Ĭapitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo." ( Note: in your Bibliography, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: i.e. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing Blog Posts, The Time Is Now. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are longer than 3 letters within the title of a source: Moving and Change. In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underliningĪlways capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: J. Do not omit words from the beginning or the end of the quotation to avoid any misinterpretation. Use the three ellipsis points (…) to indicate that you have omitted material from the original quote. “They are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent play is a luxury that can be dispensed with when there are too many other competing claims on the growing brain…” Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose material such as an addition or explanation within the quotation. "Nausea was reported even when reel drugs were administered" (Marks, 1998). Insert after the misspelled word (in brackets, italicized). Introducing specific incentives including. Many young people can be encouraged to study more by Insert the exact page number, in brackets, after the full stop at the end of the quote. Quotes longer than 40 words should be introduced then start with the quote on a new line 1/2 inch from the left margin Don’t use quotation marks. Roberts and James (2016) seem to agree with this point “writers should always…” (p. To protect the flow of your paper, introduce the author's name using signal verbs before the quote. You should always use quotation marks before and after the quoted phrases.Īs a rule of thumb, be stingy in your use of direct quotations, paraphrase whenever possible.ĭirect quotes should always include the author's last name.
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